Construction Details: Solar cells consist of a thin p-type semiconductor layer atop a thicker n-type layer, with electrodes that allow light penetration and energy capture.
Structurally, BMS often features a hierarchical architecture: the Battery Module Unit (BMU) oversees individual cells, the Battery Control Unit (BCU) manages packs, and the Battery Array Unit (BAU) supervises larger arrays.
A multi-level BMS architecture is standard in quality ESS containers: Cell-level or module-level BMS (slave BMS): Monitors individual cell voltage, temperature, and state of charge (SoC) within each module. Triggers cell-level protection (disconnection) if parameters exceed safe.
This article describes the main types of microgrid control architectures, including centralized, decentralized, distributed, and hierarchical approaches, and compares their characteristics and limitations.